1. Africa yokhala ndi 40% ya mphamvu zoyendera dzuwa padziko lonse lapansi
Africa nthawi zambiri imatchedwa "hot Africa".Kontinenti yonse imadutsa ku equator.Kupatula madera a nyengo yamvula yanthawi yayitali (nkhalango za Guinea ku West Africa ndi madera ambiri a Congo Basin), zipululu zake ndi madera a savannah ndiakulu kwambiri padziko lapansi.M'dera lamtambo, pali masiku ambiri adzuwa ndipo nthawi yadzuwa ndi yayitali kwambiri.
Pakati pawo, dera la Eastern Sahara kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Africa ndi lodziwika bwino chifukwa cha kuwala kwa dzuwa padziko lonse lapansi.Derali lakhala ndi nthawi yayitali kwambiri pachaka ya dzuwa, ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa kwa maola pafupifupi 4,300 pachaka, zofanana ndi 97% ya nthawi yonse ya dzuwa.Kuonjezera apo, derali limakhalanso ndi chiwerengero chapamwamba kwambiri pachaka cha ma radiation a dzuwa (mtengo wapatali wolembedwa umaposa 220 kcal / cm²).
Madera otsika ndi mwayi wina pakukula kwa mphamvu ya dzuwa ku Africa: ambiri aiwo amakhala m'madera otentha, komwe kuwala ndi kulimba kwa dzuwa kumakhala kokwera kwambiri.Kumpoto, kum'mwera, ndi kum'maŵa kwa Africa, kuli madera ambiri owuma ndi owuma omwe ali ndi dzuwa lambiri, ndipo pafupifupi magawo awiri pa asanu a kontinentiyi ndi chipululu, kotero kuti nyengo yadzuwa imakhalapo nthawi zonse.
Kuphatikiza kwa malo ndi nyengo ndi chifukwa chomwe Africa ili ndi mphamvu yayikulu yoyendera dzuwa.Kuwala kwa nthawi yayitali koteroko kumapangitsa kuti kontinenti iyi ikhale yopanda magetsi akuluakulu kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi.
Pamene atsogoleri ndi okambirana za nyengo anakumana ku COP26 kumayambiriro kwa November chaka chino, nkhani ya mphamvu zowonjezereka ku Africa inakhala imodzi mwa mitu yofunikira.Zowonadi, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, Africa ili ndi mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi.Kuposa 85% ya kontinenti yalandira 2,000 kWh/(㎡chaka).The theoretical solar energy reserve akuti ndi 60 miliyoni TWh/chaka, kuwerengera dziko lonse Pafupifupi 40%, koma dera la photovoltaic magetsi opangira magetsi ndi 1% yokha ya dziko lonse lapansi.
Choncho, kuti tisawononge mphamvu za dzuwa ku Africa motere, ndizofunikira kwambiri kukopa ndalama zakunja.Pakalipano, mabiliyoni a ndalama zachinsinsi ndi zaboma ali okonzeka kuyika ndalama mu ntchito zopangira mphamvu za dzuwa ndi zina zowonjezera ku Africa.Maboma a ku Africa ayenera kuyesetsa kuthetsa zopinga zina, zomwe zingathe kufotokozedwa mwachidule monga mitengo yamagetsi, ndondomeko ndi ndalama.
2. Zolepheretsa chitukuko cha photovoltaics ku Africa
① Mtengo wapamwamba
Makampani aku Africa amanyamula magetsi okwera kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.Kuyambira pomwe Pangano la Paris lidasainidwa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zapitazo, kontinenti ya Africa ndi dera lokhalo pomwe gawo la mphamvu zongowonjezwwddwa mumsanganizo wamagetsi wapumira.Malinga ndi International Energy Agency (IEA), gawo lamagetsi opangira magetsi amadzi, solar ndi mphepo popanga magetsi ku kontinentili akadali osakwana 20%.Chotsatira chake, izi zapangitsa Africa kudalira kwambiri mphamvu zamagetsi monga malasha, gasi wachilengedwe ndi dizilo kuti akwaniritse zofuna zake zamagetsi zomwe zikukula mofulumira.Komabe, mitengo yamafuta amenewa posachedwapa yakwera kuŵirikiza kaŵiri kapena kuŵirikiza katatu, zomwe zikuchititsa kuti mphamvu ya magetsi ikhale yovuta ku Africa.
Pofuna kuthetsa mchitidwe wosakhazikika wa chitukukochi, cholinga cha Africa chiyenera kukhala kuwirikiza katatu ndalama zake zapachaka za mphamvu ya carbon yochepa kufika pamlingo wa US$60 biliyoni pachaka.Gawo lalikulu la ndalamazi lidzagwiritsidwa ntchito pothandizira mapulojekiti akuluakulu a dzuwa.Koma ndikofunikiranso kuyika ndalama pakutumiza mwachangu kwamagetsi opangira magetsi adzuwa ndi kusungirako ntchito zabizinesi.Maboma a mu Africa akuyenera kuphunzira kuchokera ku zochitika ndi maphunziro a South Africa ndi Egypt kuti zikhale zosavuta kuti makampani aziyika ndalama zopangira mphamvu za dzuwa malinga ndi zosowa zawo.
②Kulepheretsa mfundo
Tsoka ilo, kupatula ku Kenya, Nigeria, Egypt, South Africa, ndi zina zotero, ogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu m'mayiko ambiri a ku Africa ndi oletsedwa mwalamulo kugula mphamvu ya dzuwa kuchokera kwa ogulitsa payekha pazochitika zomwe zili pamwambazi.Kwa maiko ambiri aku Africa, njira yokhayo yopangira ndalama zoyendera dzuwa ndi makontrakitala azinsinsi ndikusayina kapena kubwereketsa kontrakiti yanu.Komabe, monga tikudziwira, mgwirizano wamtunduwu womwe wogwiritsa ntchito amalipira zida si njira yabwino kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mgwirizano womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi pomwe kasitomala amalipira magetsi.
Kuphatikiza apo, chopinga chachiwiri chowongolera ndondomeko chomwe chimalepheretsa ndalama zoyendera dzuwa ku Africa ndi kusowa kwa ma metering.Kupatulapo South Africa, Egypt ndi maiko ena angapo, ndizosatheka kuti ogwiritsa ntchito magetsi aku Africa apeze ndalama zowonjezera magetsi.M'madera ambiri a dziko lapansi, ogwiritsa ntchito magetsi amatha kupanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito mgwirizano wa Net metering womwe wasainidwa ndi makampani ogawa magetsi.Izi zikutanthawuza kuti panthawi yomwe mphamvu yopangira mphamvu ya fakitale yogwidwayo imaposa kufunika, monga panthawi yokonza kapena tchuthi, ogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu amatha "kugulitsa" mphamvu zochulukirapo ku kampani yamagetsi yapafupi.Kupanda metering wa ukonde kumatanthauza kuti ogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ayenera kulipira mphamvu zonse zosagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri kukopa kwa ndalama zadzuwa.
Cholepheretsa chachitatu pazachuma cha solar ndi thandizo la boma pamitengo ya dizilo.Ngakhale kuti chodabwitsachi ndi chocheperapo kuposa kale, chimakhudzabe ndalama zakunja kwa dzuwa.Mwachitsanzo, mtengo wa dizilo ku Egypt ndi Nigeria ndi US $ 0.5-0.6 pa lita imodzi, yomwe ili pafupi theka la mtengo ku United States ndi China, ndi zosakwana gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mtengo ku Ulaya.Choncho, pokhapokha pochotsa ndalama zothandizira mafuta opangira mafuta, boma likhoza kuonetsetsa kuti ntchito zoyendera dzuwa zikuyenda bwino.Ili ndiye vuto la zachuma mdziko muno.Kuchepetsa umphawi ndi magulu ovutika pakati pa anthu kungakhale ndi zotsatira zambiri.
③Nkhani za ndalama
Pomaliza, ndalama ndi nkhani yaikulu.Makamaka pamene mayiko a mu Africa akufunika kukopa mabiliyoni a madola a ndalama zakunja, nkhani ya ndalama siinganyalanyazidwe.Osunga ndalama akunja ndi otengera ndalama nthawi zambiri safuna kuyika ndalama pachiwopsezo (sakufuna kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zakomweko).M’misika ina ya ndalama monga Nigeria, Mozambique, ndi Zimbabwe, kupeza madola aku US kudzakhala koletsedwa kwambiri.M'malo mwake, izi zimaletsa kwathunthu ndalama zakunja.Choncho, msika wa ndalama zamadzimadzi ndi ndondomeko yokhazikika komanso yowonekera bwino yosinthira ndalama zakunja ndizofunikira kwa mayiko omwe akufuna kukopa ndalama za dzuwa.
3. Tsogolo la mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa ku Africa
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa International Monetary Fund, chiwerengero cha anthu a ku Africa chikuyembekezeka kuwonjezeka kuchokera ku 1 biliyoni mu 2018 kufika pa 2 biliyoni mu 2050. Komano, kufunika kwa magetsi kudzawonjezeka ndi 3% chaka chilichonse.Koma pakali pano, magwero akuluakulu a mphamvu ku Africa-malasha, mafuta ndi zomera zachikhalidwe (nkhuni, makala ndi manyowa owuma), zidzawononga kwambiri chilengedwe ndi thanzi.
Komabe, ndi kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo wa mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa, momwe dziko la Africa palokha, makamaka kuchepa kwa ndalama, zonse zikupereka mwayi waukulu wopanga mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa ku Africa mtsogolomo.
Chithunzi chomwe chili pansipa chikuwonetsa kusintha kwamitengo yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamagetsi ongowonjezwdwa.Kusintha kwakukulu ndi kutsika kwakukulu kwa mtengo wa mphamvu ya solar photovoltaic mphamvu, yomwe idatsika ndi 77% kuchokera ku 2010 mpaka 2018. Kutsalira kumbuyo kwa mphamvu zogulira mphamvu za dzuwa ndi mphamvu ya mphepo yam'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja, zomwe zakhala zikutsika kwambiri koma osati kwambiri.
Komabe, ngakhale kukwera mtengo kwa mpikisano wamphepo ndi mphamvu yadzuwa, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso ku Africa kumatsalirabe padziko lonse lapansi: mu 2018, mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi mphepo palimodzi idapanga 3% yamagetsi aku Africa, pomwe dziko lonse lapansi ndi 7%.
Zitha kuwoneka kuti ngakhale pali malo ambiri opangira mphamvu zowonjezera ku Africa, kuphatikizapo photovoltaics, chifukwa cha mitengo yamagetsi yamagetsi, zolepheretsa ndondomeko, mavuto a ndalama ndi zifukwa zina, mavuto a zachuma ayambitsidwa, ndipo chitukuko chake chakhala pa siteji yotsika.
M'tsogolomu, osati mphamvu za dzuwa zokha, koma muzinthu zina zowonjezera mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu, ngati mavutowa sangathetsedwe, Africa nthawi zonse idzakhala mumkhalidwe woipa wa "kungogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamtengo wapatali zamtengo wapatali ndikugwera muumphawi".
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-24-2021